Skin cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer, but it is also highly treatable when detected early. Early detection can significantly improve the chances of successful treatment and reduce the risks of complications. Understanding skin cancer symptoms is essential, as it can help individuals recognize potential issues early and seek medical attention.
Skin cancer primarily arises from changes in skin cells, often due to prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. The two most common types of skin cancer are non-melanoma skin cancer (which includes basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma) and melanoma, the most aggressive form of skin cancer.
1. Changes in Moles or Existing Skin Growths
One of the most common early signs of skin cancer is the change in the appearance of a mole or an existing skin growth. These changes can vary depending on the type of skin cancer.
a. Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common form of skin cancer and usually appears as a small, shiny, or pearly bump on the skin, often in areas that are frequently exposed to the sun, such as the face, ears, neck, and hands. Over time, the bump may ulcerate or develop a central indentation. Sometimes, it can resemble a scar, appearing as a flat, flesh-colored lesion. BCC rarely spreads to other parts of the body, but it can grow locally and damage surrounding tissue if left untreated.
b. Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
Squamous cell carcinoma often appears as a firm, red bump, nodule, or scaly patch. These lesions may bleed or form an open sore that doesn’t heal. SCC can develop on any part of the skin but is more likely to occur in areas with chronic sun exposure, such as the face, ears, neck, chest, backs of hands, arms, and lips.
c. Melanoma
Melanoma typically develops from a mole or existing skin growth, although it can also appear as a new spot on the skin. The changes that suggest melanoma are most often associated with the ABCDE rule:
- Asymmetry: If you draw a line through the middle of the mole, the two halves do not match.
- Border irregularity: The edges of the mole are uneven or jagged.
- Color variation: The mole has multiple colors or uneven pigmentation, such as shades of brown, black, red, white, or blue.
- Diameter: The mole is larger than 6 millimeters (about the size of a pencil eraser), although melanomas can be smaller.
- Evolution: The mole is changing in size, shape, or color over time.
2. New Growths on the Skin
While changes to pre-existing moles or spots are often a sign of skin cancer, new growths on the skin can also be an early indication of skin cancer. These growths can be benign or malignant, but any new growths should be monitored and evaluated by a healthcare provider, especially if they appear suddenly or seem to be growing quickly.
a. BCC and SCC Growths
Both basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma can develop as new growths or lesions. BCC may appear as small, raised, or shiny lumps, while SCC may appear as red, scaly patches or firm bumps.
b. Melanoma
Melanoma can also appear as a new mole or skin growth. It is typically asymmetric with irregular borders and a varied color. These spots may be itchy, tender, or bleed. They can develop anywhere on the body but are more likely to develop in areas that receive a lot of sun exposure, like the back, chest, legs, and arms. They may also appear on less sun-exposed areas, such as the palms, soles of the feet, or under the nails.
3. Itching, Tenderness, or Pain
Some skin cancers, especially melanoma, can cause itching, tenderness, or pain at the site of the growth. These sensations may be subtle at first but can become more pronounced as the cancer grows or spreads. Skin cancer lesions, particularly melanoma, can sometimes become inflamed or develop an ulcer, which may cause discomfort.
- Basal cell carcinoma is less likely to be painful or itchy, though it can cause bleeding or ulceration.
- Squamous cell carcinoma may cause pain or a burning sensation, particularly when the lesion is exposed to friction or irritation.
- Melanoma may become painful, and some people report that their mole becomes tender or sensitive to touch.
4. Bleeding or Oozing from the Growth
A hallmark of some skin cancers is bleeding or oozing from a growth or mole. This is often seen in squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma, which can ulcerate and cause the surface of the skin to break down, resulting in bleeding.
Melanomas, too, can bleed, although this is more common in the later stages of the disease. If a mole starts to bleed, crust over, or exude fluid, it should be evaluated by a doctor immediately. This is especially concerning if the bleeding recurs or if the lesion doesn’t heal properly.
5. Changes in Skin Texture or Appearance
In some cases, the skin’s texture over a mole or lesion can change, signaling potential skin cancer. Skin cancers like basal and squamous cell carcinoma can cause the skin to become scaly, rough, or crusty. The surface may appear shiny or waxy in basal cell carcinoma or thickened and rough in squamous cell carcinoma.
In melanoma, the lesion may develop irregularities in texture. It can become raised or form a hardened, lumpy surface. The skin surrounding the mole may also become red or inflamed.
6. Swelling or Redness Around the Growth
Skin cancer, particularly basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, can cause the skin around the affected area to become red or swollen. This swelling is often a sign that the cancer is irritating the surrounding tissue or that the immune system is responding to the growth. In some cases, the skin may also feel warm to the touch.
7. Change in the Surrounding Skin
Skin cancer can cause changes in the surrounding skin as it spreads. For instance, melanoma may cause darkening of the skin around the mole, or there may be a visible halo or ring of discoloration around the mole. In the case of basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma, the area surrounding the lesion may become inflamed or develop abnormal pigmentation.
8. Bleeding Lymph Nodes
If skin cancer spreads, it may affect nearby lymph nodes. Swelling of the lymph nodes, particularly in the neck, underarm, or groin area, may be an indication that the cancer has spread beyond the skin. This is more common with melanoma, which can spread to lymph nodes early in its progression.
Conclusion
Recognizing the first signs of skin cancer is vital for early detection and treatment. Whether it’s a new growth, a change in an existing mole, or unusual sensations like itching or tenderness, paying close attention to changes in your skin is an essential part of self-care and preventive health.
If you notice any of the signs mentioned above, it is important to consult with a healthcare provider, preferably a dermatologist, for an evaluation. A timely biopsy or further examination can help determine whether the lesion is benign or malignant. Regular skin checks, both self-exams and professional evaluations, are key to catching skin cancer In India early, as early-stage skin cancer is highly treatable with a favorable prognosis.